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The BelPHG-21 study design was approved by the Belgian Privacy commission (RR 37/2015) and the Ethics Committee of the University of Leuven. The nose looks longer, even if it's still slightly upturned. Ann Epidemiol. Belgian data (BEL) were mapped independently. Images were captured on Cytoscan (Illumina), and data were primarily analyzed using Illuminas GenomeStudio software. This body shape is considered one of the most attractive and is often seen as the standard of beauty in the fashion industry. This can be seen in the difference in facial features such as cheekbones and jawlines. To study the genetic structure and variability in the Belgian population, a subset of participants from the most recent NHIS, conducted on 10,829 inhabitants in 2013 [12], was invited to donate saliva samples for DNA analysis (Fig. Information related to the study participants residence (region and province), migration background, and a set of variables that could influence the consent rate was obtained from the NHIS-2013 database. These data show the uniqueness of the Belgian genetic structure in Europe with geographically related differences with the other European populations. Finally, we acknowledge all study subjects for their participation. Ergonomics, forensic anthropology, crime prevention or new human-machine interaction systems and online activities, like e-commerce, e-learning, games, dating or social networks, are fields in which classifications of . Well, maybe they like and even need them, but easily disagree about the content. 2017;27:9039. 2012;491:5665. Furthermore, the likelihood for consent was also higher in the Flemish Region compared to the other regions. Article In other words someone that can cope with any kind of situation without help. Few samples mapped closer or within the South European populations, and for seven of these, a South European origin could indeed be confirmed (Fig. For Belgian samples with a migration background that map outside the European population, the background is indicated. Concluding words on the Belgian Women's characteristics. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Variant allele frequencies (VAF) for all SNPs were calculated with reference to the human genome build hg19. Males display these in a more attenuated fashion (and their lips are relatively less fleshy) so they're usually not so noticeable. This may seem contradictory, as Belgians don't like laws or rules. Note that this table only shows the basic hues that are handed down genetically, and major incidental ones (violet, blue-green). On the other end of the spectrum, the cheekbones are prominent and project sideways, which results in a round face that appears "flat" in profile. When it comes to physical appearance, Belgian women tend to have a more rounded look compared to French women, who are often described as having a more angular appearance. Facial features and proportions change . Genes mirror geography within Europe. Babies and toddlers (up to four years) have no eyebrow ridge, only a gentle curve, and no visible cheekbones, but a round cheek (and often a double chin!) Ameur A, Dahlberg J, Olason P, Vezzi F, Karlsson R, Martin M, Viklund J, Khri AK, Lundin P, Che H, Thutkawkorapin J, Eisfeldt J, Lampa S, Dahlberg M, Hagberg J, Jareborg N, Liljedahl U, Jonasson I, Johansson , Feuk L, Lundeberg J, Syvnen A-C, Lundin S, Nilsson D, Nystedt B, Magnusson PK, Gyllensten U. SweGen: a whole-genome data resource of genetic variability in a cross-section of the Swedish population. (b) PC plot of five European populations with mapping of the Belgian population and indication of their migration backgrounds. These filtering criteria resulted in a selection of 47,802 SNPs. 2002;11:24952. (PDF 1806kb), Variant allele frequency correlations between Belgian and other populations. In Western and Northern It doesnt matter if youre tall or short, thin or curvy, fair or dark-skinned, what truly matters is how you carry yourself and the energy you exude. taxes) and breaking stupid laws is a national sport in Belgium (and Belgium doesn't lack laws about everything imaginable). A similar analysis based on sample origin information from the 10 different provinces confirmed these geographic-related genetic differences (Additionalfile5: Figure S3). While minor genetic differences were observed between the different Belgian regions, these were smaller than with any other population studied. Google Scholar. SD and JT performed the NHIS 2013 correlations. Facial features of typical Belgian Woman: Belgium, a small yet highly developed country in Western Europe, is known for its diverse culture and history. One of the most striking features of a typical Belgian woman is her hair. What are the differences between Belgian Women and French Women? Baby fat is an important age marker; skinny toddlers look older than they are. They enjoy hosting gatherings and events, and are always eager to spend time with loved ones. The lip shape of a Belgian woman is often full and well-defined. statement and A low uncertainty avoidance like the Dutch, or even more so the Brits and Scandinavians, is typically reflected by people not being well-prepared for meetings and not booking hotels or trains in advance, and deciding things once they get there. Would you like to provide feedback (optional)? This strong sense of community and connection is an integral part of their lifestyle. In a female, the width is roughly the same proportion, but the foot is just longer than the face is high, and the hand is at most 3/4 of the same height. Many Europeans can have small eyes. We distinguish ourselves through the fact that our . Here, we report on the BelPHG-21 results related to the genetic structure of the Belgian population. It is more difficult to define the Belgian national character than that of most other European countries, because of Belgium's division in 3 linguistico-cultural groups : the Dutch-speaking Flemings, the French-speaking Walloons, and the tiny German-speaking community at the German border (also part of Wallonia). More recently, Belgian politicians have played an important role in European politics. Principal component (PC) analysis using 47,802 SNPs from five continental populations with mapping of the Belgian population. Royal C, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Kittles R, Powell I, Bennett J, Hoke G, Pettaway C, Weinrich S, Vijayakumar S, Ahaghotu C, Mason T, Johnson E, Obeikwe M, Simpson C, Mejia R, Boykin W, Roberson P, Frost J, Faison-Smith L, Meegan C, Foster N, Furbert-Harris P, Carpten J, Bailey-Wilson J, Trent J, Berg K, Dunston G, Collins F. Recruitment experience in the first phase of the African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer (AAHPC) study. They can be accentuated or even created with make-up, but females have more contrasting lips to begin with. Here are some well-known eye shapes independent of ethnicity: The Almond eye is characterized by the upswept lift at the outer corner. This resulted in a model containing four variables (smoking behavior, education, age, and region of residence) (Table1). Fully secured up to 500 and 100% delivery guarantee, 8. The cost of a Facelift procedure ranges from $4,403 to $8,664, whilst the national average price is approximately $3,839. A principal component (PC) analysis was performed using phase 3 data from 1000 genomes [2]. SNP variant allele frequencies of the Belgian population, BelPHG-21 study, Belgium 2016. Correlations between variant allele frequencies (VAF) were determined using Pearsons correlation. His interests also include economics, philosophy, evolutionary biology, bioengineering, neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, cultural studies and linguistics. New lines appear above the lip and in the neck, while the cheeks are hollowed out. Bioinformatics. The linkage possibilities to health, demographic, and related data from the NHIS provide a unique opportunity to study the different factors that determine participation in a genetic study and to better understand public willingness to participate in population genetic research. Bush administration didn't like it and pressured the Belgian government to scrap the law or face consequences (such as losing the NATO headquarters). To accomplish this, the BelPHG-21 study was organized in the context of the 2013 Belgian National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). DNA sampling in the BelPHG-21 study, Belgium 2016. Belgium has only existed as an independent country since 1830, but it existed as a common entitity under the French, Austrian and Spanish administrations from the 15th century, except for the Principality of Lige (an integral part of the Holy German Empire until 1792), which nevertheless had close connections and interactions with the rest of the territory. No wonder both the EU and NATO have chosen Belgium for the headquarters. Round eyes appear more open than usual, due to more curve in the lower part. And Belgians do need to compromise, by the very nature of their multi-cultural society. Nature. These numbers are representative for the current structure of Belgian population, with important migration waves in the past 50years, mainly from Southern Europe and Northern Africa, and with the highest immigration numbers found in the Brussels region [13]. A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data. A global reference for human genetic variation. Google Scholar. PubMed Central Nat Genet. MVDB, JT, HVO, and VDW designed the BelPHG-21 study. 2009;4:e5472. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. The face (eyes, nose, mouth) occupies a smaller area of the head than in an adult. Before adolescence, there is no difference between male and female faces. Personal characteristics of older primary care patients who provide a buccal swab for apolipoprotein E testing and banking of genetic material: the spectrum study. Belgian Womens features, their personal characteristics and beauty standards are what you will find out as you continue reading. A subject was considered to have a migration background when at least one of its parents was born outside of Belgium. We first compared the genetic structure of the Belgian population with other populations worldwide. Article 2005;7:20210. Recruiting adolescents into genetic studies of smoking behavior. They submitted the received samples to the BelPHG-21 research team and provided linking information to the NHIS database. In the case of H. antecessor, some of their more modern facial features have had them placed before us and our neighbors, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. Nevertheless, there are very few taxonomies of facial features. For a dolichocephal head, which is long and narrow in comparison (longer than it is wide), add some volume to the back of the basic egg shape. These features are a result of the country's northern European heritage, mild climate, and cultural values. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Mary stays informed on cultural trends and dating practices to assist others in finding love and happiness. Eyes are basically either brown or blue, with green as a third, rarer type. Environmental factors also play a significant role in shaping the appearance and facial features of modern Belgian women. What are the Belgian Women's beauty standards? Interestingly for a country that was not independent before 1830, history has seen many great Belgium-born leaders, such as Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade (the most successful of all the crusades), leading 100,000 knights from all over Europe (in other words, the first great international army Europe had ever seen); Balwin IX of Flanders, leader of the 4th crusade that took Constantinople (he appointed himself as Emperor); Emperor Charles V of Habsburg, the greatest ruler in Europe between the Roman Empire and Napoleon. See main text for SNP filtering criteria. While beauty standards may vary across different cultures, it is clear that Belgian women possess their own distinct brand of elegance and charm. The observation of smokers to be less likely to provide consent is in contradiction to other studies [23]. Drieskens S, Demarest S, DHoker N, Ortiz B, Tafforeau J. Balancing the risks and benefits of genomic data sharing: genome research participants perspectives. No one can better describe the standards of female beauty in Belgium than real Belgian women. Consulting firms are not big in Belgium. He has learnt 10 languages and achieved fluency in six of them in addition to his native French. This diagram shows the difference face shapes we perceive (they are more subtle in reality): Surprisingly enough, the skull itself gives a clue as to ethnic origin, as its morphology varies across a spectrum. The variables that were considered to potentially influence consent rates were the background characteristics (demographic information, education, employment, income), health behavior and lifestyle characteristics (substance abuse, nutritional status, physical activity), physical and social environment characteristics (housing, passive smoking), and health and wellbeing characteristics (chronic diseases, mental health, perceived health). All study participants provided informed consent to participate in the study. Therefore, a population-based cross-sectional study, called BelPHG-21 (Belgian Public Health Genomics in the twenty-first century), was organized that aims at describing the genetic variability in the Belgian population and relating this variability to several indicators of health and disease to anticipate a future transition towards precision public health. Even better, compare photos or real people, to get a fuller appreciation of how deeply carved the Caucasian face is, compared with the less dramatic Asian face somehow like high- vs. low-relief. First and foremost, the cultural influences of both the French and Dutch-speaking communities in Belgium play a significant role in shaping the personal qualities of Belgian women. That diversity . The whole ear can be narrow, appearing compressed, or it can stick out, in which case, when looking at the head in profile, the ear presents itself to us not flat, but at an angle where more of the rim shows. Understanding the features and characteristics of Belgian Women not only helps to appreciate their beauty, but also to gain a deeper understanding of the culture and society that they come from. Genotype calls were imported in R and converted in a sample x SNP matrix. French women, on the other hand, are known for their strong sense of fashion and style, as well as their confident and independent nature. In turn, personal qualities and character traits shaped mostly by Belgian Culture make these Western European women understandable and easy-going partners in relationships. *All Individual plans include a 7-day free trial for new customers; then chosen plan price applies. Belgium women typically have a small, delicate nose shape. The eyebrows may stay dark longer than hair (if they were dark in the first place) but they grow sparser.The female face starts losing femininity, and by one's seventies, menopause having levelled the hormonal field, the only real difference between the two sexes is that a female's hairline recedes little while a male may be all lost by this stage. Pockets appear under the eyes. The eyes are large and appear wide open because the upper eyelid is not noticeable yet. The skin loses elasticity and starts hanging at the jaws, resulting in a less firm jawline. taxes) and breaking stupid laws is a national sport in Belgium (and Belgium doesn't lack laws about everything imaginable). Genome of the Netherlands Consortium LC, Menelaou A, Pulit SL, van Dijk F, Palamara PF, Elbers CC, PBT N, Ye K, Guryev V, Kloosterman WP, Deelen P, Abdellaoui A, van Leeuwen EM, van Oven M, Vermaat M, Li M, JFJ L, Karssen LC, Kanterakis A, Amin N, Hottenga JJ, Lameijer E-W, Kattenberg M, Dijkstra M, Byelas H, van Setten J, van Schaik BDC, Bot J, Nijman IJ, Renkens I, et al. The locals tend to distrust them and are not willing to pay someone to hear their opinion, as they think that they can do that by themselves. Many women here prefer a minimalistic makeup look and opt for a classic, clean hairstyle. Day cream, blister plasters; thoroughly clean and take care of your skin. Recruiting adolescents into genetic studies of smoking behavior recruiting adolescents into genetic studies of smoking behavior 1. Bogner HR, Wittink MN, Merz JF, Straton JB, Cronholm PF, Rabins PV, Gallo JJ. Also note that children's lips are thinner, less textured, and closer to the skin tone than adults. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Fst values between the three Belgian regions were very small (between 1.8 and 2.5e04) and smaller than with any other European population (Fst 3.2e04 or higher) (Table2), confirming the results from the PC analyses. Furthermore, obvious signs from recent migration were found, mainly from Southern Europe and Africa, corresponding with migration trends from the past decades. 3). 2 and Additionalfile2: Table S2). The French-speaking community, known for its elegance and refinement, instills a strong sense of style and fashion in Belgian women. Main origins from migrants are indicated by the arrows. The BelPHG-21 study is funded by the Belgian Science Policy via the BRAIN.be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Network) research program (BR/121/PI/BELPHG-21). From the invited subsample of 1468 individuals, 210 (14%) consented and submitted saliva samples for DNA analysis. The appearance and facial features of modern Belgian women have been shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Brown then comes in a range of pale to dark. Plot of the first two principal components (PC) based on a PC analysis using 41,083 SNPs from five other European populations as indicated (GBR British, CEU Utah Residents with Northern and Western European Ancestry, FIN Finnish, IBS Iberian population in Spain, TSI Toscani in Italy). (PDF 5259 kb). No wonder they are called the Italians of the North (like the Danes). Belgian people question rules and prefer to compromise on a case by case basis. The NHIS is a population-based survey that has been periodically organized since 1997. Regional genetic variation within the Belgian population. The cost of a Breast Augmentation procedure starts from 2,188, whilst the national average price is approximately 2,104. The shape of the eyebrows is determined by two factors: their overall basic shape, and the height of their arch. Variant allele frequencies (VAF) for all SNPs were calculated with reference to the human genome build hg19 on all samples or after exclusion of samples with a foreign origin (indicated by tab names). Below are the basic shapes for females and males, and how they look with low and high arch. The Belgian population is a typical European population with minor but clear differences between the regions and clear signs of recent migration. We wish to thank all colleagues at the WIV-ISP that contributed to the accomplishment of the BelPHG-21 project. All communication with study participants (consent, sampling kits) wasperformed by a trusted third party (Belgian Federal Service of Internal Affairs) that was not involved in the downstream research in any way. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. This attitude is due to a blend of distrust, critical thinking and individualism. The eyes of a typical Belgian woman are also noteworthy. This is the first study on the genetic structure of the Belgian population and its regional variation. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Europe there can be an external fold over the eyes (shown above) which makes them look Am J Hum Genet. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as . Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. CAS From this basic diagram, carve off a little volume for a brachycephal head, which is as long as it is wide, in other words round. Feasibility of collecting buccal cell DNA by mail in a cohort study feasibility of collecting buccal cell DNA by mail in a cohort study 1. The neck is thin relatively thinner than before, since the baby fat is gone, but no muscle is there to thicken it yet. To obtain a representative genetic dataset of the Belgian population, participants in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were invited to donate saliva samples for DNA analysis. Typical Belgians would tell you that "politicians are worse than criminals". We hope this article has been informative and enjoyable for our readers, and that you have gained a new appreciation for the beauty and diversity of Belgian women.