United States--Foreign relations, - Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 10. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. 1853. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. 9. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. 3 0 obj Relief shown by hachures. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. Help With Assignments 1 Mexican Cession. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. Not yet. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. 4 0 obj for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. Wall maps. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. Oregon Territory. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. 22. United States territorial acquisitions - INFOGALACTIC "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." . Its not only the Philippines. 28. For a very long time, in fact. 44. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. % The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. The comparison is enlightening. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 41. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. <> It is generally held to be an illegal act. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. 34. (New York, 2006), 179. endobj That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 47. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. 43. 8. 2. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Shattuc, W. B. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; endstream Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. 26. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . 24. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War But thats not it. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. Don't use plagiarized sources. 3 (1933): 44874. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Leadership Task 2 Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. 4. 27. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. It set the Philippines free. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. 41. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 2 0 obj 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Pdf. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. ",#(7),01444'9=82. independent as Kiribati Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern 30. 161. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. W.B. We destroyed roads, public buildings, and bridges. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. 4. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. The Greater United States (1904), . 36. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S.